Factors associated with eating disorders in adolescents: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The World Health Organization has placed eating disorders among the priority mental illnesses for children and adolescents given the risk they imply for their health. Recognizing the risk factors associated with this problem can serve as the basis for the design of timely and effective interventions. The objective of the study was to identify the factors associated with eating behavior in adolescents through a systematic review. METHODS: Systematic review. Search of the literature in the bibliographic sources CINAHL, CUIDEN, Pubmed, Dialnet, SCIELO and Science Direct. The search was conducted in October and November 2020. The search terms were Eating Disorders, Food Intake, and Adolescents. The evaluation of the methodological quality was carried out using a specific guide for observational epidemiological studies. A narrative synthesis of the findings was made. Additionally, the vote counting and sign test technique was applied. RESULTS: 25 studies were selected. The associated factors were body dissatisfaction, female gender, depression, low self-esteem, higher BMI that increases the risk of eating disorders. CONCLUSIONS: a high impact of psychological factors was observed. These should be considered in the design of effective interventions to prevent this disease, although the search needs to be broadened to identify larger and more complex studies that allow for a more comprehensive review.

Riesgos psicosociales en personal de asistencia de una clínica de tercer nivel de la ciudad de Cartagena de Indias en 2016 / Risks in a third level care team clinic of Cartagena de Indias city in 2016

Resumen Objetivo. determinar los riesgos psicosociales del personal asistencial de una clínica privada de tercer nivel de la ciudad de Cartagena de Indias. Método. se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, la población objeto de estudio fue de cincuenta y siete trabajadores del área asistencial, se utilizó la batería de instrumentos para la evaluación de factores de riesgo psicosocial diseñada por el Ministerio de la Protección Social de Colombia. Resultados. el promedio de edad es de 34.2 años, 52% pertenece al nivel educativo técnico, con un predominio del género femenino. El estado civil predominante con un 46% es soltero, 44% viven en estrato 2. La mayoría (74%) de los trabajadores considera que su jefe brinda siempre o casi la posibilidad de tener contacto con él. Siempre tienen buena relación y apoyo de sus compañeros, 61% considera que no tienen control sobre el tiempo y cantidad de trabajo que realizan. El pago del salario no es puntual y los trabajadores tienen muy pocas posibilidades de ascenso y además sienten que la empresa muy pocas veces se preocupa por su bienestar. La prevalencia de nivel más alto de riesgo correspondió a un 76% por exceso de carga laboral, por alta exigencia de esfuerzo mental un 75% y está relacionado con el poco control sobre el trabajo en un 57%. Los trabajadores se exponen a jornadas laborales extensas, poco tiempo de descanso, cansancio y falta de sueño por jornadas nocturnas, escasa interacción con la familia y el contacto constante con situaciones de extremo sufrimiento y dolor.

Abstract Objective. to determine the psychosocial risks of care personnel in a private third-level clinic in the city of Cartagena de Indias. Method. a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out, the study population consisted of fifty-seven workers in the health care area, a battery of instruments was used for the evaluation of psychosocial risk factors designed by the Ministry of Social Protection of Colombia. Results. the average age is 34.2 years, 52% belongs to the technical education level, with a predominance of the female gender. The predominant civil status with 46% is single, 44% live in stratum 2. The majority (74%) of the workers consider that their boss always provides or almost the possibility of having contact with him. Always have good relationship and support from their peers, 61% feel they have no control over the time and amount of work they do. The payment of the salary is not punctual and the workers have very little possibility of promotion and also feel that the company very rarely worries about their well-being. The prevalence of the highest level of risk corresponded to 76% due to an excess of workload, due to a high mental stress requirement of 75% and related to poor control over work by 57%. Workers are exposed to long hours of work, little rest time, tiredness and lack of sleep for nightly hours, poor interaction with the family and constant contact with situations of extreme suffering and pain.

Association between anger management and cigarette consumption in adolescents / Asociación entre control de la ira y consumo de cigarrillos en adolescentes

Abstract Introduction: Cigarette smoking in adolescents is associated with a set of variables such as sex, age, anxiety disorders, depression and secondhand smoke (parents, siblings and friends). However, the association between anger management and smoking among adolescent students has been poorly studied in Colombia. Objective: To quantify the association between anger management in high school students in Cartagena, Colombia. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional survey designed for adolescent students of sixth and seventh grade in high school. Anger management was quantified through a seven-item version of the Spielberger's Inventory for State-Trait Anger Expression (Cronbach's alpha: 0.73) and through the input of the participants who have smoked at least once. Results: A total of 1 090 students between ages 10 to 18 (µ=12.3, σ=1.1), attending sixth and seventh grades, took part in the study; 565 (52.1%) were female. A group of 269 students (24.7%) reported low anger control, and 127 (11.7%) stated they had smoked at least once. After age and sex adjustment, the association between anger and smoking was not statistically significant (OR=1.35; 95%CI: 0.89-2.04). Conclusions: Anger management is a variable independent from cigarette smoking among teenager students.

Resumen Introducción. En adolescentes, el consumo de cigarrillos se asocia a un conjunto de variables como género, edad, trastornos de ansiedad, depresión y padres, hermanos y amigos fumadores. No obstante, en Colombia se ha explorado poco la asociación entre el control de la ira y el tabaquismo en adolescentes escolarizados. Objetivo. Cuantificar la asociación entre el control de la ira y el consumo de cigarrillos en estudiantes de bachillerato de Cartagena, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Investigación transversal en la que participaron estudiantes de sexto y séptimo grado. Se cuantificó el control de la ira con siete ítems del Inventario Ira Estado-Rasgo de Spielberger (alfa de Cronbach 0.73) y con el informe de consumo de cigarrillos alguna vez en la vida. Resultados. Participaron 1 090 estudiantes de sexto y séptimo grado entre 10 y 18 años (µ=12.3, σ=1.1), de los cuales 565 (52.1%) fueron mujeres. 269 (24.7%) adolescentes reportaron bajo control de la ira y 127 (11.7%) consumo de cigarrillos alguna vez en la vida. Después de ajustar por edad y sexo, la asociación entre control de la ira y consumo de cigarrillos no fue estadísticamente significativa (OR=1.35; IC95%: 0.89-2.04). Conclusiones: El control de la ira es independiente al consumo de cigarrillos en estudiantes adolescentes.

Asociación entre religiosidad y estilo de vida en adolescentes / Association between religiosity and lifestyle among adolescents

Antecedentes. En adolescentes es inconsistente la asociación entre religiosidad y estilo de vida (actividad física, actividad coital, consumo de cigarrillos, consumo problemático de alcohol y consumo de sustancias ilegales que pueden inducir dependencia). Sin embargo, se conoce poco de la relación entre estas dos variables en adolescentes colombianos. Objetivo. Establecer la asociación entre religiosidad y estilo de vida en estudiantes de Cartagena, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal en el que participaron estudiantes entre 13 y 17 años. Se estimó la relación entre inactividad física, experiencia coital alguna vez en la vida, consumo de cigarrillos durante el último mes, consumo problemático de alcohol, consumo de alguna sustancia ilegal alguna vez en la vida y religiosidad. Resultados. Participaron 1730 estudiantes; media de edad de 14.7 años (DE=1.2) y 52.7% mujeres. Con ajuste por edad y sexo, las asociaciones para baja religiosidad fueron inactividad física (OR=1.00; IC95% 0.80-1.24), experiencia coital (OR=1.38; IC95% 1.09-1.74), consumo de cigarrillos (OR=1.40; IC95% 0.90-2.18), consumo problemático de alcohol (OR=1.20; IC95% 0.87-1.65) y consumo de alguna sustancia ilegal (OR=1.27; IC95% 0.89-1.81). Conclusión. En esta muestra de estudiantes, la baja religiosidad se relaciona con alguna experiencia coital alguna vez en la vida. Se necesitan más estudios que evalúen el papel de la religiosidad en el estilo de vida de los adolescentes.

Background. Among adolescents, it is inconsistent the association between religiosity and lifestyle (physical activity, coital activity, smoking, alcohol consumption and problematic consumption of illegal substances that can induce dependence). However, there is few information about the relationship between these two variables in Colombian adolescents. Objective. To establish the association between religiosity and lifestyle among adolescent students in Cartagena, Colombia. Materials and Methods. A cross-sectional analytical research was carried out including a random sample of adolescent students, aged between 13 and 17 years old. Authors estimated association between physical inactivity, lifetime sexual intercourse, last-month cigarette smoking, abusive alcohol consumption and lifetime illegal substance use, and religiosity. Results. A group of 1730 students participated in the research, mean age was 14.7 years (SD=1.2), and 52.7% were girls. Associations for low-religiosity were physical inactivity (OR=1.00; 95%CI 0.80-1.24), sexual intercourse (OR=1.38; 95%CI 1.09-1.74), cigarette smoking (OR=1.40; 95%CI 0.90-2.18), abusive alcohol consumption (OR=1.20; 95%CI 0.87-1.65) and illegal substance use (OR=1.27; 95%CI 0.89-1.81), adjusted for age and gender. Conclusions. In this sample of adolescent students, low religiosity is related to lifetime sexual intercourse. More research is needed to investigate the relationship between religiosity and lifestyle among adolescents.

Variables asociadas al inicio del consumo de cigarrillo en adolescentes estudiantes de básica secundaria de los colegios oficiales de la ciudad de Cartagena, Colombia / Variables Associated with the Onset of Cigarette Smoking Among Adolescent Public Middle-School Students in Cartagena, Colombia / Variáveis associadas ao início do consumo de cigarro em adolescentes estudantes do ensino fundamental dos colégios oficiais da cidade de Cartagena, Colômbia

Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia y las variables asociadas al inicio del consumo de cigarrillo en adolescentes de media vocacional de Cartagena, Colombia. Materiales y método: estudio analítico observacional transversal con 1.100 estudiantes de básica secundaria de las instituciones educativas oficiales de la ciudad de Cartagena, matriculados durante el año 2012; la información se recolectó a través de la ficha demográfica, el inventario de consumo de cigarrillo y actitudes frente al mismo de la Encuesta Mundial Sobre Tabaquismo en jóvenes (Emta_Joven), la escala Apgar familiar, Rosenberg para autoestima y la escala de Zung de ansiedad. Se realizó análisis estadístico univariado, bivariado y multivariado. Resultados: participaron 1.090 estudiantes (de los 1.100 fueron descartados 10 por estar mal diligenciados) con edades entre 10 y 18 años, media = 12,3; 565 (51,8%) estudiantes fueron de sexo masculino y 525 (48,2%) de sexo femenino. El consumo de cigarrillo alguna vez en la vida se asoció a edades entre 13 y 18 años (OR = 2,86; IC95%: 1,96-4,18), ser de sexo masculino (OR = 2,40; IC95%%: 1,63-3,56) y a alta intención de consumo de sustancias (cigarrillo, alcohol y marihuana) (OR = 3,18; IC95%%: 2,18-4,64). Conclusión: el consumo de cigarrillo alguna vez en la vida en estudiantes de media vocacional de Cartagena, Colombia, se asoció a tener alta intención de consumo de sustancias, ser adolescente y ser de sexo masculino.

Objective: Determine the prevalence and the variables associated with the onset of cigarette smoking among vocational middle-school students in the city of Cartagena (Colombia). Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional, observational analytic study of 1,100 public middle-schools students in Cartagena who were enrolled during 2012. The information was collected by means of a demographic fact sheet, the World Youth Tobacco Survey (Emta_Joven) inventory on cigarette consumption and attitudes towards smoking, the family Apgar scale, the Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaire, and Zung's anxiety scale. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate statistical analyzes were done. Results: A total of 1,090 (10 were discarded be poorly filled out) students between the ages of 10 and 18 took part. The mean is 12.3; 565 of the students are male (51.8% and 525 are female (48.2%). Cigarette smoking at some point during their lifetime was associated with the ages between 13 and 18 (OR = 2.86; 95% CI 1.96 to 4.18), being male (OR = 2.40; 95% 1.63 to 3.56) and a high intention of substance use (cigarettes, alcohol and marijuana) (OR = 3.18; 95% CI 2.18 to 4.64). Conclusion: In the case of vocational middle-school students in Cartagena (Colombia), having smoked cigarettes at some point in their lifetime was associated with a high intention to use substances, being an adolescent and being a male.

Objetivo: determinar a prevalência e as variáveis associadas ao início do consumo de cigarro em adolescentes de média vocacional de Cartagena, Colômbia. Materiais e método: estudo analítico observacional transversal com 1.100 estudantes do ensino fundamental das instituições educativas oficiais da cidade de Cartagena, matriculados durante 2012; os dados foram coletados por meio da ficha demográfica, do inventário de consumo de cigarro e atitudes ante este do Questionário Mundial sobre Tabagismo em jovens, a escala Apgar familiar, Rosenberg para autoestima e a escala de Zung de ansiedade. Realizou-se análise estatística bivariada e multivariada. Resultados: participaram 1.090 estudantes (10 foram descartados ser mal preenchido), com idades entre 10 e 18 anos, média = 12,3; 565 (51,8%) estudantes do sexo masculino e 525 (48,2%) do feminino. O consumo de cigarro alguma vez na vida se associou a idades entre 13 e 18 anos (OR = 2,86; IC 95%: 1,96-4,18), ser de sexo masculino (OR = 2,40; IC 95%: 1,63-3,56) e a alta intenção de consumo de substâncias (cigarro, álcool e maconha) (OR = 3,18; IC 95%: 2,18-4,64). Conclusão: o consumo de cigarro alguma vez na vida em estudantes de media vocacional de Cartagena, Colômbia, se associou a ter alta intenção de consumo de substâncias, ser adolescente e ser de sexo masculino.

Health risk behavior pattern among students from Cartagena, Colombia: prevalence and associated variables.

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and variables associated with the pattern of risky health behavior (PRHB) among adolescent students in Cartagena, Colombia. A cross-sectional study was designed to investigate PRHB in a random cluster sample of students from middle and high schools. The associations were adjusted by logistic regression. A total of 2,625 students participated in this research, with ages from 10 to 20 years, mean=13.8 years (SD=2.0), and 54.3% were women. A total of 332 students reported PRHB (12.7%, 95%CI 11.4-14.0). Age over 15 years (OR=2.19, 95%CI 1.72-2.79), not being heterosexual (OR=1.98, 95%CI 1.36-2.87), poor/mediocre academic performance (OR=1.87, 95%CI 1.47-2.38), family dysfunction (OR=1.78, 95%CI 1.40-2.28) and male gender (OR=1.58, 95%CI 1.24-2.01) were associated with PRHB. One in every eight students presented a PRHB. It is important to pay greater attention to students who are over 15 years of age, male, not heterosexual, with a poor/mediocre academic performance and a dysfunctional family.

Risk of eating behavior disorders in adolescents from Cartagena, Colombia / Riesgo de trastorno del comportamiento alimentario en adolescentes de Cartagena, Colombia / Risco de transtorno do comportamento alimentário em adolescentes de Cartagena, Colômbia

Objective. To estimate the prevalence and explore the relationship of the risk of eating behavior disorders (REDB) with some factors in school-age adolescents from Cartagena, Colombia. Methodology. This was a cross-sectional study, which used probability sampling by conglomerates of high school students (sixth to eleventh grades) in 2012. The REDB was quantified with the SCOFF questionnaire (two or more points). The associations were fitted through a logistic regression model. Results. A total of 2625 students between 10 and 20 years of age (mean = 14 years) participated; 54% were women. A total of 32.5% scored for REDB. The risk factors associated were: problematic consumption of alcohol (OR=1.9; CI95%: 1.4-2.5), female sex (OR=1.6; CI95%: 1.4-1.9), non-heterosexual sexual orientation (OR=1.5; CI95%: 1.1-2.1), consumption of any illegal substance (OR=1.5; CI95%: 1.1-2.1), cigarette smoking at any moment in life (OR=1.5; CI95%: 1.2-1.8), depressive symptoms with clinical importance (OR=1.5; CI95%: 1.2-1.8), and family dysfunction (OR=1.2; CI95%: 1.1-1.5). Conclusion. An important proportion of school-age adolescents from Cartagena presented REDB, which was mainly related to problematic consumption of alcohol and the female sex.

Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia y explorar la relación del riesgo de trastorno del comportamiento alimentario (RTCA) con respecto a algunos factores en adolescentes escolarizados de Cartagena, Colombia. Metodología. Estudio de corte transversal en el que se empleó muestreo probabilístico por conglomerados de los estudiantes de secundaria (sexto a undécimo grado) en 2012. Se cuantificó el RTCA con el cuestionario SCOFF (dos o más puntos). Las asociaciones se ajustaron mediante un modelo de regresión logística. Resultados. En este trabajo participaron 2 625 estudiantes entre 10 y 20 años (media=14 años), de ellos 54% mujeres. El 32.5% puntuó para RTCA. Se asociaron como factores de riesgo: el consumo problemático de alcohol (OR=1.9; IC95%: 1.4-2.5), el sexo femenino (OR=1.6; IC95% 1.4-1.9), la orientación sexual no heterosexual (OR=1.5; IC95% 1.1-2,1), el consumo de alguna sustancia ilegal (OR=1.5; IC95% 1.1-2.1), el consumo de cigarrillo alguna vez (OR=1.5; IC95% 1.2-1.8), síntomas depresivos con importancia clínica (OR=1.5; IC95% 1.2-1.8) y disfunción familiar (OR=1.2; IC95% 1.1-1.5). Conclusión. Una proporción importante de los adolescentes escolarizados de Cartagena presentaron RTCA, el que estuvo relacionado principalmente con el consumo problemático de alcohol y el sexo femenino.

Objetivo. Estimar a prevalência e explorar a relação do risco de transtorno do comportamento alimentário (RTCA) com alguns fatores em adolescentes escolarizados de Cartagena, Colômbia. Metodologia. Estudo de corte transversal no que se empregou amostra probabilística por conglomerados dos estudantes de secundária (sexto do primeiro grau a segundo ano do segundo grau) em 2012. Quantificou-se o RTCA com o questionário SCOFF (dois ou mais pontos). As associações se ajustaram mediante um modelo de regressão logística. Resultados. Participaram 2625 estudantes entre 10 e 20 anos (média=14 anos) e 54% foram mulheres. 32.5% pontuaram para RTCA. Associaram-se como fatores de risco: o consumo problemático de álcool (OR=1.9; IC95%: 1.4-2.5), o sexo feminino (OR=1.6; IC95% 1.4-1.9), a orientação sexual não heterossexual (OR=1.5; IC95% 1.1-2,1), o consumo de alguma substância ilegal (OR=1.5; IC95% 1.1-2.1), o consumo de cigarro alguma vez (OR=1.5; IC95% 1.2-1.8), sintomas depressivos com importância clínica (OR=1.5; IC95% 1.2-1.8) e disfunção familiar (OR=1.2; IC95% 1.1-1.5). Conclusão. Uma proporção importante dos adolescentes escolarizados de Cartagena apresentaram RTCA, o que esteve relacionado principalmente com o consumo problemático de álcool e o sexo feminino.

Health risk behavior pattern among students from Cartagena, Colombia: prevalence and associated variables / Padrao de comportamento de risco para a saude em estudantes de Cartagena, Colombia: prevalencia e variaveis associadas / Patron de comportamiento de riesgo para la salud en estudiantes de Cartagena, Colombia: prevalencia y variables asociadas

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and variables associated with the pattern of risky health behavior (PRHB) among adolescent students in Cartagena, Colombia. A cross-sectional study was designed to investigate PRHB in a random cluster sample of students from middle and high schools. The associations were adjusted by logistic regression. A total of 2,625 students participated in this research, with ages from 10 to 20 years, mean=13.8 years (SD=2.0), and 54.3% were women. A total of 332 students reported PRHB (12.7%, 95%CI 11.4–14.0). Age over 15 years (OR=2.19, 95%CI 1.72–2.79), not being heterosexual (OR=1.98, 95%CI 1.36-2.87), poor/mediocre academic performance (OR=1.87, 95%CI 1.47–2.38), family dysfunction (OR=1.78, 95%CI 1.40–2.28) and male gender (OR=1.58, 95%CI 1.24–2.01) were associated with PRHB. One in every eight students presented a PRHB. It is important to pay greater attention to students who are over 15 years of age, male, not heterosexual, with a poor/mediocre academic performance and a dysfunctional family.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência e as variáveis associadas ao Padrão de Comportamento de Risco para a Saúde (PCRS) entre estudantes adolescentes em Cartagena, Colômbia. Desenhou-se um estudo transversal para investigar o PCRS numa amostra aleatória grupal de estudantes de educação secundária. As associações foram ajustadas mediante regressão logística. Participaram da pesquisa 2625 estudantes entre 10 e 20 anos, numa média=13.8 anos (DP=2.0) sendo que 54,3% eram do sexo feminino. Do total de alunos pesquisados 332 (%) estudantes reportaram PRHP. Do total dos 332 estudantes reportaram PCRS (12,7%, IC95% 11.4-14.0). A idade acima dos 15 anos (OR=2,19, IC95% 1.72-2.79), a condição não heterossexual (OR=1,98, IC95% 1.36-2.87), o desempenho acadêmico pobre-medíocre (OR=1,87, IC95% 1.47-2.38), a disfunção familiar (OR=1.78, IC95% 1.40-2.28) e o sexo masculino (OR=1.58, IC95% 1.24-2.01) associaram-se ao PCRS. Os resultados indicam que um de cada oito estudantes apresenta PRHP. Deve-se prestar mais atenção aos estudantes acima de 15 anos, homens, não heterossexuais, com um desempenho acadêmico pobre e com famílias disfuncionais.

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y las variables asociadas al Patrón de Comportamiento de Riesgo para la Salud (PCRS) entre estudiantes adolescentes de Cartagena, Colombia. Se diseñó un estudio transversal que investigó el PCRS en una muestra aleatoria de estudiantes de colegios de secundaria. Las asociaciones fueron ajustadas mediante la regresión logística. Participaron 2.625 estudiantes entre 10 y 20 años, promedio=13,8 años (DE=2,0), de los cuales 54,3% eran mujeres. Del total de alumnos investigados 332 estudiantes informaron PCRS (12,7%; IC95% 11,4-14,0). Edad mayor de 15 años (OR=2,19; IC95% 1,72-2,79), no heterosexuales (OR=1,98; IC95% 1,36-2,87), el rendimiento académico pobre-mediocre (OR=1,87; IC95% 1,47-2,38), familia disfuncional (OR=1,78; IC95% 1,40-2,28) y sexo masculino (OR=1,58; IC95% 1,24-2,01) se asociaron a PCRS. Los resultados afirman que uno de cada ocho estudiantes presenta PCRS. Es importante prestar mayor atención a estudiantes mayores de 15 años, varones, no heterosexuales, con mal/regular rendimiento académico y familia disfuncional.

Predictores de disfunción familiar en adolescentes escolarizados / Predictors of family dysfunction among adolescent students

Objetivo: Establecer los predictores de disfunción familiar en adolescentes escolarizados de Cartagena, Colombia. Método: Se llevó a cabo una investigación analítica transversal, mediante un muestreo probabilístico por conglomerado de estudiantes de secundaria. Se solicitó la participación de estudiantes de entre 13 y 17 años de edad. Se identificó disfunción familiar con la escala APGAR Familiar. Se ajustaron los predictores mediante regresión logística binaria. Resultados: Aceptaron participar un total de 1730 estudiantes; media para la edad de 14,7 años (DE = 1,2) y 52,7 % mujeres. La escala APGAR mostró un alfa de Cronbach de 0,78. Un grupo de 896 estudiantes (51,8 %) informó disfunción familiar. Fueron predictores de disfunción familiar: síntomas depresivos con importancia clínica (OR = 3,61; IC 95 %: 2,31-5,63), baja religiosidad (OR = 1,73; IC 95 %: 1,41-2,13), familia no nuclear (OR = 1,71; IC 95 %: 1,41-2,09), consumo de alguna sustancia en la vida (OR = 1,67; IC 95 %: 1,15-2,13), residente en estrato bajo (OR = 1,49; IC95 %: 1,19-1,87) y mal rendimiento académico (OR = 1,43; IC 95 %: 1,15-1,76). Conclusiones: Síntomas depresivos con importancia clínica, baja religiosidad y familia no nuclear son los principales predictores de disfunción familiar en estudiantes adolescentes de Cartagena, Colombia. Es posible que la asociación sea bidireccional.

Object: Determination of family dysfunction predictors in adolescent students of Cartagena, Colombia. Methodology: A cross-sectional analytical research was conducted by means of a probabilistic sample per conglomerate of high-school students. Participation of students between 13 and 17 years was requested. Family dysfunction was identifed through the family APGAR scale. Predictors were adjusted by binary logistic regression. Results: A total of 1,730 students agreed to participate, mean age was 14.7 years (SD=1.2), and 52.7% were girls. The family APGAR scale showed a Cronbach alpha of 0.78. A group of 896 students (51.8%) reported family dysfunction. Predictors of family dysfunction were: clinically significant depressive symptoms (OR=3.61; IC 95%: 2.31-5.63), low religiosity (OR=1.73; CI 95%: 1.41-2.13), non-nuclear family (OR=1.71, CI 95% 1.71-2.09) (OR=1.73, 95% CI 1.41-2.13), non-nuclear family (OR=1.71, 95%: CI 1.41-2.09), consumption of any illegal substance in their lives (OR=1.67, CI 95%: 1.15-2.13), residents of depressed neighborhoods (OR = 1.49; CI 95%: 1.19-1.87), and poor academic performance (OR=1.43; CI 95%: 1.15-1.76). Conclusions: Clinically significant depressive symptoms, low religiosity and non-nuclear family are the main predictors of family dysfunction among adolescent students in Cartagena, Colombia. The association is possibly bidirectional.

[Predictors of Family Dysfunction among Adolescent Students]. / Predictores de disfunción familiar en adolescentes escolarizados.

OBJECT: Determination of family dysfunction predictors in adolescent students of Cartagena, Colombia. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional analytical research was conducted by means of a probabilistic sample per conglomerate of high-school students. Participation of students between 13 and 17 years was requested. Family dysfunction was identified through the family APGAR scale. Predictors were adjusted by binary logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 1,730 students agreed to participate, mean age was 14.7 years (SD=1.2), and 52.7% were girls. The family APGAR scale showed a Cronbach alpha of 0.78. A group of 896 students (51.8%) reported family dysfunction. Predictors of family dysfunction were: clinically significant depressive symptoms (OR=3.61; IC 95%: 2.31-5.63), low religiosity (OR=1.73; CI 95%: 1.41-2.13), non-nuclear family (OR=1.71, CI 95% 1.71-2.09) (OR=1.73, 95% CI 1.41-2.13), non-nuclear family (OR=1.71, 95%: CI 1.41-2.09), consumption of any illegal substance in their lives (OR=1.67, CI 95%: 1.15-2.13), residents of depressed neighborhoods (OR = 1.49; CI 95%: 1.19-1.87), and poor academic performance (OR=1.43; CI 95%: 1.15-1.76). CONCLUSIONS: Clinically significant depressive symptoms, low religiosity and non-nuclear family are the main predictors of family dysfunction among adolescent students in Cartagena, Colombia. The association is possibly bidirectional.

Validez y confibbilidad de la escala breve de francis para actitud ante el cristianimmo / Validity and reliability of the five-item version of the Francis scale of attitude toward Christianity

Antecedentes. La escala breve de Francis para actitud ante el cristianismo (Francis-5) muestra alta consistencia interna y confiabilidad de tipo prueba-reprueba en adolescentes colombianos. Sin embargo, las investigaciones sólo están disponibles en inglés y no se conoce la validez nomológica de escala en esta población. Objetivo. Corroborar la validez y confiabilidad de la escala Francis-5 en adolescentes estudiantes de Cartagena, Colombia. Material y métodos. Participaron 1.730 estudiantes de sexto a undécimo grado, con una media para la edad de 14,7 años (DE=1,2), y 52,7% mujeres. Se estimó la validez de constructo (análisis de factores) y la validez nomológica (comparación de las puntuaciones entre mujeres y varones). Para conocer la confiabilidad se calcularon los coeficientes alfa de Cronbach y omega de McDonald. Resultados. La escala Francis-5 mostró una estructura unidimensional, con un valor propio de 3,681 que dio cuenta del 73,6% de la varianza. Las mujeres puntuaron significativamente mayor que los varones, 18,5 (DE=2,7) vs. 17,9 (DE=3,3) (t = 4,3; p<0,001). El coeficiente alfa fue 0,909 y; el omega, 0,910. Conclusiones. La Francis-5 es una escala válida y confiable en estudiantes adolescentes de Cartagena, Colombia. Se necesita conocer el desempeño de esta escala en otras regiones colombianas.

Background. The short version of Francis Scale attitude toward Christianity (Francis-5) presents high internal consistency and test-retest reliability among Colombian adolescents. However, the papers are only available in English, and nomological validity is not known in this population. Objective. To corroborate the validity and reliability of the Francis-5 scale among adolescent students at Cartagena, Colombia. Materials and method. A total of 1,730 sixth to eleventh grade students, mean age of 14,7 years old (SD=1.2), and 52.7% were girls. Construct validity (factor analysis) and nomological validity (score comparison between boys and girls) were explored. Cronbach alpha and McDonald omega were computed as measures of reliability. Results. Francis-5 Scale showed one dimensional structure, with Eigen value of 3.681 that accounted for 73.6% of the total variance. Girls scored significantly higher than boys, 18.5 (SD=2.7) versus 17.9 (SD=3.3) (t=4,3; p<0.001). Coefficient alpha was 0.909; and coefficient omega, 0.910. Conclusions. Francis-5 is a valid and reliable scale among adolescent students at Cartagena, Colombia. It is needed to investigate its psychometric performance in others Colombian population.

La enfermería en Colombia: una mirada desde la sociología de las profesiones / Nursing in Colombia: A View from the Sociology of Professions / A enfermagem na Colômbia: um olhar a partir da sociologia das profissões

Objetivo: analizar el proceso de profesionalización de la enfermería en Colombia a partir de la sociología de las profesiones; de igual manera, se expone una reflexión sobre el papel protagónico que deben asumir los currículos para fortalecer el ser y el quehacer de la profesión. Método: se realizó una búsqueda electrónica y manual de la literatura que incluyó bases de datos, revistas, libros y tesis doctorales, direccionada por los descriptores profesiones, educación, enfermería y sociología. Resultados: se revisaron solo estudios y textos en español e inglés; la información recolectada se organizó en las categorías profesión, profesionalización, profesionalización de la enfermería. Conclusión: se muestra que el proceso de profesionalización de la enfermería evidencia adelantos importantes, pero está sujeto a tensiones y conflictos que derivan en la necesidad de asumir desde los programas de formación un rol protagónico que permita consolidar y fortalecer dicho proceso.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to analyze the professionalization of nursing in Colombia, based on the sociology of professions, and to reflect on the leading role curricula should assume to strengthen the "whys and wherefores" of the profession. Method: An electronic and manual search of literature was conducted. It included databases, journals, books and doctoral dissertations, and was guided by several descriptors; namely, professions, education, nursing and sociology. Results: Only texts in Spanish and English were reviewed. The information gathered was organized into the following categories: profession, professionalization and professionalization of nursing. Conclusion: The study shows important headway has been made in the process to professionalize nursing. However, it is subject to tensions and conflicts that underscore the need to assume a leading role, beginning with training programs, in order to consolidate and strengthen that process.

Objetivo: analisar o processo de profissionalização da enfermagem na Colômbia a partir da sociologia das profissões; da mesma maneira, apresenta-se uma reflexão sobre o papel principal que devem assumir os currículos para fortalecer o ser e o fazer da profissão. Método: realizou-se uma busca eletrônica e manual da literatura que incluiu base de dados, revistas, livros e teses doutorais, direcionada pelos descritores profissões, educação, enfermagem e sociologia. Resultados: revisaram-se somente estudos e textos em espanhol e inglês; a informação coletada se organizou nas categorias profissão, profissionalização, profissionalização da enfermagem. Conclusão: mostra-se que o processo de profissionalização da enfermagem evidencia progressos importantes, mas está sujeito a tensões e conflitos que derivam na necessidade de assumir, a partir dos programas de formação, um papel protagonista que permita consolidar e fortalecer dito processo.